December 1959

YOSEMITE VOLUME XXXVIII - NUMBER 12 DECEMBER 1959

IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.

In 1857, when 43 years of age, Galen Clark (left) was told that he had not long to live and should move from Mariposa to a more favorable climate of a higher elevation. This led to his settling on the South Fork of the Merced River, at present day Wawona, and establishing a hotel to accommodate early-day visitors to Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove. Clark died in 1910 at the ripe old age of 96. COVER — Galen Clark, Yosemite 's first Guardian, at the base of the Grizzly Giant. —Photo by Watkins, 1913

Since 1922, the monthly publication of the National Park Service and the Yosemite Natural History Association in Yosemite National Park. John C. Preston, Park Superintendent Douglass H. Hubbard, Park Naturalist Robert F. Upton, Associate Park Naturalist David F. McCrary, Assistant Park Naturalist Herbert D. Cornell, Junior Park Naturalist Keith A. Trexler, Park Naturalist Trainee

DECEMBER 1959 GALEN CLARK'S LIBRARY

by Jim Fox, Ranger-Naturalist Probably the most revered pioneer Lodge of the Sierra Club, to which in Yosemite history was Galen Clark. he was a charter member. They are In 1855 he first saw the Valley, and there now, kept in Yosemite Valley In 1857 he established the first hostel available to the public. at what is now Wawona. It was at A survey of the books in the Galen that time the halfway point on the Clark Collection is of interest to the trail from Mariposa to Yosemite Valley historian as it may shed some light and was known as Clark's on the interests of Clark. Ranch. In the many books written by It should be noted that many of early Yosemite visitors there are the books had belonged to Clark 's frequent remarks of Galen Clark son, Galen Alonzo Clark. Alonzo and his hostel. Nearly all of them was raised in the East by relatives praise his knowledge and his library. after his mother died in 1848. He at tended Phillips' Exeter Academy and Harvard, from which he was graduated in 1870. In 1871 he came to California to be with his father. He died in 1874 and at that time his For twenty-four years he was a member of the Board of Commission of Yosemite, and for twenty-two years he was "Guardian of Yosemite", while it was a State Park. In 1910 he died at the age of ninety-six. books joined his father 's collection.3 A t that time his books were presented to the LeConte Memorial. The following books were those of his son, Alonzo:

VOL., XXXVIII NO. 12

Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species (1870) Arthur, Ten Nights in a Barroom (1859) Steward, Philosophy of the Human Mind (1866) Hamilton, Metaphysics (1868) Woolsey, International Law (1870) Hallam, The Middle Ages (1870) Maine, Ancient Law (1870) Gibbons, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1868) Macauley, Lays of Ancient Rome (1862) Bryce, Holy Roman Empire (1871) Student's History of France (1870) Arnold, Modern History (1870) Turner, History of Germany (1867) Weber, Outline of Universal History (1853) Tenot, Coup d 'Etat of Napoleon III (1870) Owen, Homer 's Iliad (in Greek) (1866) Duruy, Histoire des Temps Modernes (1870) Marechal, Histoire Contemporaine (1868) Zschokke, Tales (1845) Turner, English and French History (1868) Vattel, Law of Nations (1820) Parton, General Butler in New Orleans Crofutt, Transcontinental Tourist Guide (1871) Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1862) Mill, A System of Logic (1869) Stephen, History of France (1860) Bowen, Logic (1866) Lempriere, Dictionary of Antiquity (1837) Kohlrausch, History of Germany (1864) Bowen, American Political Economy (1870) Rogers, Manual of Political Economy (1869) Smith, Wealth of Nations (1868) Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1870) Corneille, Le Cid (1870) The Federalist (1864) Dews, Digest of Ancient and Modern Nations (1870) Parks and recreation must be considered as correlative with the other main objectives in planning for our state and our Nation. We must advance together and insist that planning for parks and recreation be in proper balance with planning for other purposes. --Conrad L. Wirth

Of the books that belonged to of those that he acquired before 1876, QOI.n Clark and can be used to and which were in his library at Warn of his interests and mental Clark' s Ranch. slant it might be well to speak first D. Thoreau, Yankee in Canada (1866) D. Thoreau, Letters (1865) Thomas Henry Huxley, Lay Sermons and Reviews (1871) Randolph, Pre-Adamite Man (1873) Milton, Poetical Works Tennyson, Idyls of the King (1863) Longfellow, Tales of the Wayside Inn (1863) Aytoun, Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1866) Bunyan, Pilgrim ' s Progress (1854) Hayward, Goethe 's Faust (1859) Dana, Two Years before the Mast (1869) Scott, Waverley Novels Brewster, St. Martin's Summer (1866) Beckett, Comic Blackstone (1868) Thackeray, The Newcomes (1855) Felton, Smith's History of Greece (1855) Lyman, Historical Chart and Key (1874) Murray, Encyclopedia of All Nations (1863) Pare, Co-operative Agriculture (1870) Phillips, Manual of Metallurgy (1859) Henderson, Practical Floriculture (1874) Gray, Lessons in Botany (1863) Hoopes, Book of Evergreens (1868) Wood, American Botanist (1873) Geological Survey of California, Geology Vol. I (1865) Bedollirre, Mere Michel et son Chat, (1869) Moliere, Oevres Completes (1864) Book of Common Prayer of Episcopal Church (1873) Mosheim, Ecclesiastical History (1832) Holy Bible (1851) Dick, Works (On the Diffusion of Knowledge Among All Classes, 1823) White, Poetry of the Civil War (1866) Brownlow, Sketches of Secession (1862) Greeley, An Overland Journey (1860) Bowles, Across the Continent (With author 's inscription to Clark personally) (1865) Greenwood, New Life in New Lands (1873) Dickson, Japan (1869) Bowles, Our New West (1869)

YOSEMITE

It will be noticed that these are burning topic of Evolution, and the largely books of current and/or genbooks by Thoreau, the first Conser eral literary interest, with a few refvationist. erences on the natural sciences, and The hooks acquired by Clark after a smattering of history and philoso1866, in his later years, tell a fascia phy. Most interesting to the historian citing story. are the books expounding the then —Mude Vollmer Galen Clarks service as Guardian covered two terms and totaled twenty-two year,.

Galen Clark and friends at the Wawona Tunnel Tree. John Muir, The Mountains of California (1894) Galen Clark, Big Trees of California (1907) Washburn, Yosemite (1887) John Burroughs, Wake Robin (1897) John Burroughs, A Year in the Fields (1897) Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 7, Forest Influences (1893) Wheeler, Report of Geological Survey (1879) Powell, Explorations of the Colorado River (1875) Dept. of Agriculture, The Uses of the National Forests (1907) John Tyndall, Fragments of Science (1876) Ernest Haeckel, The History of Creation (1883) Connor, Black Rock (1900) Ruskin, Sesame and Lilies (1892) James, Indian Basketry (1902) Fiske, Civil Government in the U.S. (1891) Rattan, California Flora (1880) Keeler, Bird Notes Afield (1907) Geological Survey of California, Botany Vols. I and II (1876 & 1880) Lyell, Manual of Geology (1880) Donnelly, Ragnarok, Age of Fire and Gravel (1887) Marsh, U. S. Geological Exploration - Odontornithes (1880) Notovich, Unknown Life of Christ (1894) Swedenborg, Divine Love and Divine Wisdom (1883) Markham, Governor H. H. - Second Biennial Message to the California State Legislature, thirty-first session, 1895. Inscribed to Clark personally by the Governor. Bryan, (et al) Republic or Empire, The Phillippine Question 1899, with an inscription by Bryan to Clark personally. Leonidas, Private Smith in the Philippines (1899) Bryan, The First Battle (1896)

Who will gainsay that the parks contain the highest potentialities of national pride, national contentment, and national health? A visit inspires love of country; begets contentment; engenders pride of possession; contains the antidote for national restlessness. It teaches love of nature, of trees and flowers, the rippling brooks, the crystal lakes, the snowclad mountain peaks, the wildlife encountered everywhere amid native surroundings. He is a better citizen with a keener appreciation of the privilege of living here who has toured the national parks.

STEPHEN T. MATHER DIRECTOR 1916-1929 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

This list shows that the earlier region. The Notovitch and Sweden books on evolution, supplemented berg books indicate a growth of in by one of his son's books by Darwin, terest in mystical religious philose established a firm interest which phy in Clark 's later life. Finally, and continued with him into the eighties. most interesting, are the books inch That his interest in conservation grew and matured is illustrated by indicating a growth of interest in political the addition to his collection of cal questions of his day, and in the works by Muir and Burroughs, Major processes of politics the books by Powell 's tale of his explorations, and Bryan, Leonidas, Fiske. the Forest Service publications. It is Finally it should be mentioned also clear that his interest in and that Clark turned author toward the knowledge of the natural sciences end of his life. These four writings was growing, particularly with regard to the Sierra and Yosemite were published by him after he turned ninety years old: Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity (Yosemite, 1904), 110 p. illus. Big Trees of California, (Yosemite, 1907) 104 p. illus. "Yosemite: Past and Present, " Sunset, April, 1909, pp. 394-396. The Yosemite Valley: Its History Characteristic Features, and the Theories Regarding its Origin (Yosemite, 1910) (Nelson L. Slater) 108 p. illus. Of them, only Big Trees of California The other book probably is lost, is in the Galen Clark Collection in strayed or stolen. LeConte Memorial now. The signifiThis last suggestion is partly the cant absence of his other writings reason for this article. There is may be explained in various ways : considerable probability that other The last one had probably not books have been similarly lost and come from the printer at the time that still others will be in the future. of his death. This note is some protection of the facts against future loss, and may The Magazine may have just worn help to clear the trail for further study out. on Galen Clark. Carl P. Russell, One Hundred Years in Yosemite. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1947. pp. 99-100. 2 Katherine Ames Taylor, Lights and Shadows of Yosemite. San Francisco, H. S. Crocker Company, Inc., 1926. pp. 38-40. 3 Mrs. H. J. Taylor, Yosemite Indians and other Sketches. San Francisco, John & Seeger, 1936. pp. 43-50.

THE ORIGINAL DIVEBOMBER

Chuck Vollmer, Ranger-Naturalist I had witnessed dive bombing The intrusion of a Goshawk 's nest attacks during the last war, but never ing territory is quite another matter. had I been the object of nature 's original From the hawk 's viewpoint, your dive-bomber, the Goshawk. presence is just cause for vicious This deliberate attack against me attacks. William Leon Dawson in was, of course, nothing personal. It The Birds of California, writes about an was merely an overdeveloped exattack on his partner while on a trip pression of parental instinct, that in the Northern Cascades. ) They achieved its intended purpose. were not aware that a certain Once on a hike up the Sunrise stretch of woods belonged to a highly Trail, I had a reception of quite another virtuous pair of Goshawks until other kind from our fine feathered one of the blue terrors struck a blow friends. I had entered the domain of from behind that sent one of the men smaller birds where the Hudsonian sprawling. Life zone and the Canadian Life Zone Lloyd G. Ingles, writing in meet. Here on the south slope Condor, tells of the experience of Ranger Carence Fry at Sequoia National Park.2 One morning a Goshawk of the Little Yosemite Valley Red Firs, illery Pines, Lodgepole Pines, White Pines, Quaking Aspen and Chinquapin (Accipiter gentilis) swooped at his car when he parked it near the government corrals near the Giant Forest. The place was in the upper transition life zone. The next morning at the 9500 foot elevation. On this July morning, while on my way to Tuolumne Meadows, the sun had warmed me greatly, my pack had pulled at my shoulders till I could stand it no longer. As I nibbled on a piece of cheese, many curious inhabitants of the area gathered. I wish to believe that they were greeting me kindly into their summer abode, rather than just waiting for morsels to drop from my lips. Here man is in the minority, and perhaps out of curiosity. Pairs of Nashville Warblers serenaded me from close-by ranches, while a Williamson 's Sapsucker and a White Breasted Nuthatch encircled the trunk of the Red Fir it and I rested under. A Lincoln Sparrow and a Townsend's Solitaire made their appearance in the reception line. None of the birds stayed long, but made their friendly gesture and left.

Mr. Ingles and Ranger Fry visited the area, and were charged savagely several times. They soon discovered the nest sixty feet up, and six feet out on a limb of a white fir. It was in the well forested area north of Indian Rock that I encountered a Goshawk with an abundance of parental instinct. To reach this area one may approach from Lake Tenaya, Yosemite Falls, or, as I did, from Mirror Lake. After lunch beside babbling Snow Creek, I chose the Yosemite Valley trail via Yosemite Falls. Not more than one-half hour on this trail leads one up a slope to a little known falls of exquisite beauty in miniature. I could sit there all day, watching its flow. Whether the falls is named or not, I haven 't been falls is named or not, I haven 't been

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able to determine; however, its unique falling under a ledge suggests "Shower Falls".

You are climbing as you leave the little falls, and rise to about 7900 feet. As the trail levels off, you enter a dense forested area of White Fir, Jeffrey Pine, and Sugar Pine. It happened here. An agitated raucous call began which never ceased during the entire period of the encounter. After determining the pedigree of my host, I turned to leave his honored domicile (I still had the longer part of the hike to complete - 7 or 8 miles). Suddenly his angry cries became louder, and wheeling around I felt the wind from his diving attack. Nothing has ever surprised me more. It was a well calculated attack and a finely executed dive. After a closer scrutiny with field glasses, his blue-gray back, barred chest feathers and tail set a visual image in my mind. Surely he won 't attack again, I thought to myself, as I began to move from his premises. This notion was soon dismissed when he began another dive that seemed to bring him closer than before. His dive began from a tall pine. It was a power dive with sound effects and all. He seemed to change his course about ten feet above me. Having attacked twice, there was a possibility of a third, so I readied my 35mm. camera. It came. Instinctively I ducked as I pressed the shutter release. Next time I 'll be stouter of heart and get him in the straight attack, I thought to myself. I did so. It was a perfect shot at about 15 feet distance. Merely for defense, I held a stout stick over my head during the next attack. Mission accomplished, he flew away. I had been so busy with the attacks, I had not seen his nest. I removed myself from his woods, with a quantity of perspiration flowing that had not resulted from climbing.

Imagine my chagrin when my developed slides contained not a trace of even a feather.

1. William Leon Dawson, The Birds of California, Vol. IV, South Moulton Company, 1923, pages 169-1670. 2. Lloyd P. Ingles, The Condor, Vol. 47, Sept-Oct. 1949, No. Mirror Lake and reflection of Mt. Watkins. —Onas Waring

WHO IS BURIED IN THE WAWONA PIONEER CEMETERY?

Jack F. Fry, Ranger-Naturalist On the low hill just north of the The second grave of which the near Yosemite History Center, is a identity of its occupant is certain is small cemetery. Of those persons that of Nathan B. Phillips, better buried in this cemetery we know little. known as "Pike". Pike was one of the seven or eight (or more?) graves, early guides for tourists and, according only three are marked, and one of to many accounts, was very well markers is almost illegible. liked. Phillips ' headstone is of granite. One account states that a young Only one burial is recorded in the married couple felt indebted to Pike official files of Mariposa County. The because of a chivalrous act performed accounts given by persons who live by Phillips. On hearing of his in the area and have lived in the area are death, the couple provided a sum of conflicting. It is hoped that this article will be read by someone who has some money that was to be used for a information regarding this cemetery suitable tombstone. The date of Which will help us to accurately Phillips' death is listed as 1894. identify the people buried here, so The third marked grave is that of that the Wawona Cemetery may bea young soldier named John L. Yates. come an effective part of the History Yates was a private in Troop F, 4th Center. Calvary. He died on August 2, 1905, The cemetery consists of two parts: at the age of 22. He was drowned in the larger part is enclosed by a small the Merced River while trying to save brown fence and consists of seven a drowning girl. Private Yates ' death Or eight graves. The smaller part is certificate is on file in the records of also enclosed by a brown fence and Mariposa County; this is the only lies a short distance to the east of the record of a burial in Wawona on file larger portion. There are no markers in Mariposa County. In the smaller part, and of it we know The following persons have been reported buried in this cemetery, although the information is conflicting.

In the large portion of the cemetery are three marked graves, and of the identities of these three persons, we can be fairly certain. The most southerly grave is that of H. R. (Hank) Sargent. The inscription on the wooden marker has been faded by time and is almost illegible; only the upper portion is readable, and then only if the light is at the correct angle. That portion which is legible says: "In Memory of H. R. Sargent".

A former resident of the Wawona area gives 1878 or 1879 as the date of Sargent's death. One source says Sargent was a carpenter while another gives his occupation as stage driver.

Homer or Jim Snedecker. One reportedly killed the other, although the Mariposa County Court Records show that the killer was not brought to an official trial.

John Hammond. One account states that Hammond was a blacksmith and died in 1895. Another account states that he was alive in 1902.

William Van Campen. A relative, however, states that Van Campen is buried on private land in the Wawona area.

Thomas Bullock. Bullock was an Indian, and one source states that

he was known as "Bush Head Tom".

A soldier by the name of Rochet (correct spelling not certain). This individual was reported to have been killed by the captain's horse near the Wawona (covered) Bridge.

Two suicide victims whose names are unknown.

A number of questions present themselves to one who examines this cemetery. (1) Who is buried in the small section? (2) If Private Yates was the last to be buried (and the available records show that he was), why is he buried near the middle of the larger section? (3) If there are seven or eight graves, why are they crowded so close together when surely was much more space available for burials?

We would like to answer these and other questions regarding this cemetery. Undoubtedly, there are colorful stories to be told about the persons buried here which would add much to the color and interest of the History Center. If you have information, or know someone who has, regarding persons buried in this cemetery, you can help us answer these questions by getting in touch with the Park Naturalist. Please help us to find out "Who Is Buried in the Wawona Cemetery?".

The old Wells Fargo building will tell the important story of early communications in Yosemite. This and other historic structures of the Pioneer Yosemite History Center at Wawona will be open to visitors this summer. —Gram, NPS

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE AT THE YOSEMITE MUSEUM

All mail orders should be addressed to, and remittances made payable to, Yosemite NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION, Yosemite NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA. Prices include postage, insurance, and on proper items, California State Sales Tax 3%, plus 1% County Tax.

GENERAL

Adams' Guide to Yosemite Valley, Illustrated $1.65 Auto Tour of Yosemite National Park - Ditton and McHenry

Campsite Finder (Western) - Hartesveldt 1.15 Climbers Guide to High Sierra - Sierra Club 3.25 Devils Postpile National Monument - Hartesveldt

Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (paper) 3.75 Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (cloth) 5.40 Going Light - With Backpack or Burro - Sierra Club 2.25 Happy Isles Nature Center, Your Guide to - Hubbard

National Park Story in Pictures - Story __

National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (cloth) 6.20 National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (paper) 1.15 Nature Trail - Inspiration Point Self-Guiding - Carpenter

Nature Trail - Mariposa Grove Self Guiding - Wason

Place Names of Yosemite Valley - Hartesveldt

Rocks & Minerals, How to Know Them - Pearl

Starr 's Guide to John Muir Trail and High Sierra Region 2.25 This is California - Obert -- ---°-- 8.00 Waterfalls, Famous, of the World - Brockman

Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada - Ansel Adams & John Muir 12.70 Yosemite Story, The - Scott.°° °---- ------°-°--°- 1.20 Yosemite Trails & Tales - Taylor.---°°----°

ANIMAL LIFE

Animal Tracks, Field Guide to - Murie 4.30 Birds of Pacific States - Hoffman -_ 6.20 Birds, Western, Field Guide to - Peterson 4.30 Birds of Yosemite - Stebbins.-°° _.85 Fishes of Yosemite National Park - Evans-Wallis

Mammals, Field Guide to - Burt and Grossenheider 4.30 Mammals of Yosemite National Park - Parker

Reptiles and Amphibians of Yosemite National Park - Walker

Survey of Sierra Nevada Bighorn - Jones

TREES AND FLOWERS

Broadleaved Trees of Yosemite National Park - Brockman

Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite National Park - Cole

Ferns, Field Guide to - Cobb --°- 4.30 Sequoias, Yosemite, Guide to the - McFarland

Wildflowers of the Sierra (80 color photos) - Hubbard

Wildflowers, Western, Field Book of - Armstrong 5.40

HISTORY AND INDIANS

Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (paper) °-°...°°°° 1.20 Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00 Gold, Guns and Ghost Towns - Chalfont 4.05 Indians, Yosemite, Yesterday and Today - Godfrey

John Muir, Protector of the Wilds - Haines-Morrill 2.00 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (paper) 2.20 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (cloth) 3.25 Mother Lode Country, Guide to the - Brockman

100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (paper) °-._°•° ' ° 2.20 100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (cloth) 3.25 Steve Mather of the National Parks - Shankland 6,20 Wilderness World of John Muir, The - Teole 4,85 Yosemite : The Story of An Idea - Huth °- °

GEOLOGY AND MAPS

Geologic History of Yosemite Valley (Prof. Paper 160) - Motthes 5.75 Geology of Yosemite Valley, Brief Story of - Beatty

High Sierra Comp Areas, Pocket Guide to - Clark

High Sierra Comp Areas, Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15 Incomparable Valley, The - Motthes (paper) 2.15 Map of Yosemite National Pork, Topographic - USGS

Map of Yosemite Valley, Topographic, (geology story printed on back)

North Country of Yosemite, Pocket Guide to - Clark

North Country of Yosemite, Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15 South Boundary Country, Pocket Guide to - Clark

South Boundary Country, Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15

FOR CHILDREN

A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (Paper) 1.20 A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00 Animal Friends of the Sierra - Hubbard (paper) 1.20 Animal Friends of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00 A National Park Adventure - Hubbard (paper) 1.20 A National Park Adventure - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00