1960

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.

YOSEMITE

Since 1922, the monthly publication of the National Park Service and the Yosemite Natural

NATURE NOTES

History Association in Yosemite National Park. John C. Preston, Park Superintendent Douglass H. Hubbard, Park Naturalist Robert F. Upton, Associate Park Naturalist Paul F. McCrary, Assistant Park Naturalist Keith A. Trexler, Junior Park Naturalist

VOLUME XXXIX SEPTEMBER 1960 NO. 9 EXPERIMENT IN INDIVIDUALISM THE NATIONAL PARK AS AN OUTDOOR LABORATORY

Paul J. Sage, Museum Aid We are all probably familiar with the natural and sometimes artificial the two primary functions of the National Park Service facilities that are of inestimable tional Park — to provide, in its primitive state, areas for the recreation, and value. The National Park Service asks only that the work carried on enjoyment, and inspiration of the have sufficient potential significance people, and to hold these areas inalienable for all time, preserving them as the priceless heritage of the American people. There is yet another function of great significance which the National Park serves, but we often fail to appreciate this function when we come to look, enjoy and then hurry back to the hustle of everyday life. The National Parks serve to stimulate and encourage serious scientific research in many fields including biology, geology, and archeology. It is the role of Yosemite, particularly in regard to biological research, which is the concern of this article.

It is and always has been the policy of the administration in Yosemite to foster serious research and to aid the trained scientist, offering him both the natural and sometimes artificial facilities that are of inestimable value. The National Park Service asks only that the work carried on have sufficient potential significance to justify the use of the natural features and that the results of the work be preserved in such a way that they shall always be available for the other function of great significance examination and use of the public. which the National Park serves, but This latter requirement is one of the we often fail to appreciate this funcideals of true scientific endeavor. tion when we come to look, enjoy The natural attributes of the Yoand then hurry back to the hustle of semite area are made to order for the everyday life. The National Parks investigation of the relationships beserve to stimulate and encourage tween the organism and the environserious scientific research in many ment—the study of ecology. From the fields including biology, geology, lower dry western slopes in the Upand archeology. It is the role of Yoper Sonoran Zone, through the more semite, particularly in regard to biolush coniferous and broadleaf forests logical research, which is the conof the Transition zone, the stately cern of this article. pines and firs of the Canadian zone, It is and always has been the the hardy and tenacious pines and policy of the administration in Yohemlock of the Hudsonian zone, and semite to foster serious research and up into the diminutive flora and to aid the trained scientist, offering hardy fauna of the Arctic Alpine

YOSEMITE

zone the massive block that is the only from tall trees, continually Sierra, soars. More than 360 kinds of stretched his neck in his attempt i animals live unmolested by man in obtain food; his neck, therefore, grew a myriad of associational communities in this great and beautiful outdoor laboratory. In addition to the outstanding natural facilities a small but highly selective research library, a herbarium containing a collection of the local flora, and a fine collection of study skins are housed in the museum. Both the trained scientist and the interested layman are encouraged to make free use of these facilities, with a minimum of restrictions.

The Yosemite area has been the scene of several ecological studies that we may justifiably call classics. A classical experiment is a study that is so beautifully conceived, so precisely performed, and so carefully interpreted that it is truly unique. It is more than just an experiment; it is in a sense a work of art whose form is so fine that it may serve as a model and guide for further study. Such a study was the one that began in 1922. In that year Jens Clausen, David Keck, and William Hiesey began to study the plants of California. The problem with which Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey were dealing was a very old one and if we are to appreciate the significance of their labors we must delve briefly into the past — into the story of an argument that traces its origin to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Jean Lamarck was a French biologist. When he looked about at the wonderful world of nature he was amazed. He was amazed by the marvelous adaptation each plant and animal showed to its particular way of life. Why did the giraffe have such a long neck? Why didn't the mouse? Obviously, Lamarck thought, it was because the giraffe, living in the arid African plains where food could be obtained only from tall trees, continually stretched his neck in his attempt to obtain food; his neck, therefore, grew longer and longer. The mouse, on the other hand, since he lived in meadows where he fed on the ripe grain that fell to the ground, rarely found it necessary to stretch his neck and therefore never developed an unreasonably long one. This then was the essence of Lamarck's theory; the organism by its habits - habits that are determined largely by the way it lives - can alter its own and its offspring's structure and physiology to correspond with the demand placed on them by the environment. Acquired characters, in other words, were inherited.

Until exactly one hundred years ago this theory went unproved but practically unchallenged. It was 1859, eight years after the discovery of Yosemite, that an English man — Charles Darwin — offered a new theory to account for the adaptation of the organism to its environment. He noted that in nature there was great competition. The young pine tree growing in the forest in one among hundreds. What determines that one seedling rather than another shall become a titan of In addition to the outstanding nagrain that fell to the ground, rarely tural facilities a small but highly sefound it necessary to stretch his neck lective research library, a herbarium and therefore never developed nn containing a collection of the local unreasonably long one. This then flora, and a fine collection of study was the essence of Lamarck 's theory; skins are housed in the museum. the organism by its habits - habit tl Both the trained scientist and the inthat are determined largely by Ih terested layman are encouraged to way it lives - can alter its own an make free use of these facilities, with its offspring 's structure and physiolo a minimum of restrictions. gy to correspond with the demand The Yosemite area has been the placed on them by the environment, scene of several ecological studies Acquired characters, in other words, that we may justifiably call classics. were inherited. A classical experiment is a study Until exactly one hundred yen: that is so beautifully conceived, so ago this theory went unproved bti precisely performed, and so carefully practically unchallenged. It was interpreted that it is truly unique. It 1859, eight years after the discov is more than just an experiment; it of Yosemite, that an English (Inn is in a sense a work of art whose man — Charles Darwin — offered form is so fine that it may serve as a new theory to account for the a model and guide for further study. tation of the organism to its envi Such a study was the one that began ment. He noted that in nature t in 1922. In that year Jens Clausen, was great competition. The y David Keck, and William Hiesey bepine tree growing in the forest in gan to study the plants of California. one among hundreds. What d The problem with which Clausen, mines that one seedling rather Keck, and Hiesey were dealing was another shall become a titan of a very old one and if we are to apforest? Darwin suggested that t preciate the significance of their ladividual that was innately sui hors we must delve briefly into the would succeed more often than past — into the story of an argument viduals that were inferior. fin that traces its origin to the beginning suggested that the adaptive of the nineteenth century. Jean Lathat characterize superior indivl marck was a French biologist. When might arise by chance. In the he looked about at the wonderful cessful pine tree, for example, world of nature he was amazed. He sionally some small shortcut was amazed by the marvelous adapbe found which would make the tation each plant and animal showed chemical process by which thn to its particular way of life. Why did manufactures food more effivuen the giraffe have such a long neck? the seedlings produced by thin Why didn 't the mouse? Obviously, could also take advantage of Lamarck thought, it was because the shortcut, more of them might be giraffe, living in the arid African pected to survive the rigorous co plains where food could be obtained tition of youth than would those

YOSEMITE

- s which had to depend on the old low altitudes and, conversely, the fficient method of food manufaclow altitude form to change into the -. In this way, Darwin suggested, high altitude type when it was caraptive traits that arose by chance Tied up the mountain. Darwin, on the ght be perpetuated. other hand, would have predicted no Whenever two opposing theories such radical change. He would have - presented to the scientific world expected the transplanted individuals • ny scientists turn their attention to retain their individualities when the task of evaluating them to demoved into the new environments. mine which is more useful. Gaston Bonnier 's results were quite specvier, a French botanist, began a tacular. Over a period of thirty-five dy in 1884 which he hoped would years he reported that almost all the of great use in evaluating the two low altitude plants that had been ones. He worked in the Pyrenees moved to the high altitude were in the Alps. He chose species of transformed into the high altitude ts that grew over a range from types. It appeared that Lamarck 's foothills to the high peaks. The expectations had been fulfilled and ts had rather distinctively differthat his theory was quite valid. There forms at high and low altitudes were, however, a few small problems • from a single seedling many regarding the results of Bonnier ' s netted but rooted plants would study that were quite difficult to exelop. This type of growth is plain. While the low altitude forms led clone growth; a common exof the plants studied were readily ple of clone growth is seen in the transformed into the high altitude dish Ivy. All members of a clone types, the opposite conversion—of e from the same seed and have high altitude types into low—was same hereditary characteristics. rarely successful. Bonnier also found;onnier obtained clones at low alit quite difficult to explain the fact des, divided them in half, left one that transformations were successful f at the low altitude and took the only when the transplants were -r to the higher altitudes where made within the range of the species. other form of the species grew. If, for example, a lowland form was re he found a high altitude clone moved into an alpine area in which e same species but of the high the high altitude form was not found, ude form, dug it up, left one half the lowland plant retained its particigh altitude, and next to it he ular characteristics. ted the half of the low altitude Problems like these together with.. He then took the other half of important theoretical considerations high altitude type and carried it which are outside the scope of our n to the lowlands where he plantdiscussion greatly interested Claut next to the remaining half of the sen, Keck, and Hiesey in the problem altitude form. This technique is of the relationship between the spewn as reciprocal transplanting. ties and its environment. They careovided an ideal method of comfully studied Bonnier's results and ng the Lamarckian theory with found that, surprisingly enough, the of Darwin. Lamarck would have French botanist had preserved no cted the high altitude form to reevidence against which his results d to the new environment by could be checked. They also learned ging into the low altitude form that he had made no attempt to care n they were carried down to the for his gardens over the years. This

YOSEMITE

information suggested the possibility example, grew and flowered rapidly that none of the transformations Bonwith the onset of warm weather and vier reported had actually occurred. then became dormant during the Instead, it was possible that during winter. Forms of the species that the long period of thirty-five years grew on the hot dry inner coast most of his transplants died and were ranges, on the other hand, were al then replaced by seedlings of the most dormant during the summer but forms native to the areas. If this were grew and flowered during the mild indeed the case it would explain why moist winter and spring when the transformations succeeded only withSierran forms were deeply buried in in the range of the species. Outside the snow. the 'tinge there would be no seeds Having found appropriate species to provide replacements. Determined of plants to investigate the scientist. to investigate this possibility by conturned their attention to finding cm. ducting reciprocal transplant experipropriate places from which to obtain ments of their own, Clausen, Keck, plants — places in which the plants and Hiesey obtained financial supgrew in unalienated environments port from the Carnegie Institution and to finding suitable gardens i and began to search for appropriate which the plants could be grown an species and a suitable area in which studied. The natural attributes of Ih to conduct their investigations. Yosemite area which we discu In California they found a number earlier here came into prominen a species that appeared to be ideal Collections were made and small for their study. Gland cinquefoil, perimental gardens were establish Potentilla glandulosa, and yarrow, in the Sierra near Mather, Whl Achillea spp., were among the most Wolf, Porcupine Flat, Snow Flat, interesting. Both of these species olumne Meadows and Mount Da were widely distributed, perennial, On the east side of the Sierra at M and had different forms in different Lake and Benton. Collections environments. Yarrow was found also made around Yosemite C from the coast all the way across and Tenaya Lake and the pi California into the desert regions of were moved to nearby gar Nevada. Cinquefoil had almost as Pi Ynts were obtained also on wide a distribution, ranging from the coast and in the San Joaquin V coast to the crest of the Sierra. The and a large experimental g perennial habit made it possible to was established at the Carne continue observation over many stitution 's Department of Plant years. Both also had the clone habit ogy on the campus at Stanford of growth we talked about earlier. It versity. was possible, therefore, to have one To avoid the pitfalls that individual in several different places criticism of Bonier, great care at the same time by simply dividing taken in the selection of garden up the clone and planting the severAll possible precautions were al parts in different environments. In to insure that the environment addition to possessing different forms each garden was uniform. To in different habitats both species had mine if the gardens were in fact different growth and flowering cycles form they were tested by g in different places. The species that pure strains of an annual s grew high in the Sierra where the tarweed and then comparing summer lasted only two months, for plants to sea if they were es

YOSEMITE

dentical. When the scientists were grown in the different environments. ure that the conditions in each garClausen, Keck and Hiesey 's reen were uniform they planted the suits are most interesting. and I 'm xperimental plants and began their sure many will want to consult a tudy. few of the references listed at the end As the study progressed and its of this article. I would, however, like cope increased it became necessary to discuss briefly a few of the more o consolidate and centralize operasignificant and general conclusions ons. In 1929, seven years after the that came from the scientist 's work. ception of the study, three principal Their results were quite the opposite tations were developed and the of those of Bonnier. Individuals of plants that had been at other stations any given type retained their identity ere carefully transplanted to the regardless of where they were ew gardens. The large garden at grown. In no case was one form anford was retained, another was transformed into another. The flowereveloped at Mather, and a third ing and growth cycle remained paras established at timber line adticularly constant in each form and >ining the eastern boundary of Yothe external appearance changed mite. but little. When plants from many difThe climate at the Stanford station ferent environments were grown in as typically coastal; the weather the garden at Stanford, each plant as mild and conditions were favretained the individual form which able for year around growth. Rain was characteristic of its type even • me mostly during the winter and though all were grown under exactly.ring. At the Mather station spring the same conditions. The plants • an in early April. Summers were are not just single exceptional ild with warm days and cool nights individuals. Rather, they represent d the winter was reasonably mild the mean calculated from the comith the snow rarely reaching a parison of many many individual =pth of more than two feet. The plants. ber line station was nestled high The keynote of the work of Clauthe crest of the Sierra at an elevasen, Keck, and Hiesey was care. •n of 10,000 feet surrounded by Each year during the study they took aring peaks and small ice fields. notes on each of their plants. They e climate here is rigorous and the a 1 s o preserved one herbarium 'vironment demanding. The growth specimen from each plant each.son never exceeds two months. year. Often they took photographs With the three gardens estabof the individual plants for study and hed, each in a different environcomparison. All these records and nt, the team could study the indispecimens have been carefully pre- •ual plants from two different viewserved in order that any competent.ants. They could compare the effect scientist may check on the validity a given environment on plants of their results. In addition to careful • t had originally come from differrecords, great care was taken of the t environments simply by growing gardens themselves. A watch was = m side by side in one of the garkept for weeds and particularly for ns. They could also study the efseedlings of the plants under study. of different environments on one If any were found they were re- • 1vidual by comparing the portions moved at once. The plants themany one clone that had been selves were spaced far enough apart

Merced River in Yosemite Valley While the National Parks serve in an important sense as recreation areas, their primary use extends far into that fundamental education which concerns real appreciation of nature. Here beauty in its truest sense receives expression and exerts its influence along with recreation and formal education. To me the parks are not merely places to rest and exercise and learn. They are regions where one penetrates the veil to meet the realities of nature — and to appreciate more fully the unfathomable power behind it.

JOHN C. MARKHAM

so they would receive a fair share of as representing some absolute water, light, and minerals. Not satisunalterable law. These ideas sh fled with the results from their hunbe considered nothing more or dreds of transplants the team went than tools — tools to help mank on to make further study of the indiachieve an understanding of the par vidual plants. Experimental crossing fection and beauty of the natural of forms was employed and extenworld. sive microscopic examination of the The function of the National Pam cells was carried on. In all cases the in stimulating and aiding serious NM results substantiated those obtained search is easily justified. It is on IM from the field studies. It is this great basis of the results of such endeav care that Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey that we find the bedrock upon whldl' gave to all details that sets their we may build our interpretive pfei work apart as extraordinary — as gram — a program that aims to classical. quaint the visitor with the perfe The work of this team of scientists— of the world of nature and of m(M over a period of more than twenty and that is designed to help him years—has been acknowledged as perience the delight and the inspire among the truly significant research tion that such acquaintance enc.* that has been performed during this ders. century. To the biologist it represents a classical defeat of the Lamarckian

FOR FURTHER READING

argument. It represents the finest techniques in the new approach to Clausen, J., Stages in the Evolution the study of the nature of the species Plant Species. Cornell U. Pre* and the organism. Ithaca, N.Y., n.d. While we can no longer abide his Clausen, J., D. Keck, and W. Hiesey, argument, it is important that we do Experimental Studies on the Water not condemn Lamarck himself. We Species, 1, Effect of Varied Environment on Western North American Plants. Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Publication No. 520, Washington, D.G., 1940. thoughts and in their work. Indeed, these men stimulated the very re Darwin, C., The Origin of Species, john search that proved them wrong. At Murray, London, 1900. the same time we must not accept Grinnell, J. and T. I. Storer, A the theory of Darwin and the concluLife in the Yosemite. U. of sions of Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey Press, Berkeley, Calif., 1924. So we see that national parks are really national museums. Their purpose is to preserve, in a condition as unaltered as is humanly possible, the wilderness that greeted the eyes of the first white men who challenged and conquered it. It is to insure that all the processes of nature can work, without artifice, upon all the living things, as well as upon the earth forms, within their boundaries. It is to keep intact in the wilderness array all the historic and prehistoric evidences of occupation by our predecessors. And in doing these things, the extra reward of recreational value emerges. —FREEMAN TILDEN

NOTES FROM MY JOURNAL

William L. Neely, Ranger-Naturalist 've just been out to the gravelly place to watch the pussypaws. When they have been captured, pressed, and locked safely away in an herbarium, then, I suppose, a more academic name for them is Spraguea umbellata. They have a basal rosette of dark green leaves and on long pedicels they raise several paws of pink flower-clusters. You'll find them along the roadsides, especially in the middle and higher regions of Yosemite wherever there are dusty gravelly flats with plenty of sun. I made some experiments with them this summer. There is a whole garden of them outside my tent. For several years I've noticed that when the sun is high they raise their pink paws up from the ground, until at noon when the sun is directly overhead, they are nearly vertical. By evening the flower stalks droop, and at night they flop down on the ground as though worn out. Is this a response to sunlight or warmth? Many arctic and alpine plants seem to cling or clump together close to the ground or to the rocks to take advantage of the retained heat. The skyland (alpine) willow will grow in a fringe around the sunny side of a glacial boulder, hugging it for its warmth. Its very name, Salix petrophila, the "rock-loving" willow testifies to this. The Brewer mountain-heath (red heather) and Cassiope 'll do the same. I put a gallon-size tin can over one.f the pussypaws one cold morning hen it was flat on the ground. This hould keep it in the dark. If the reponse is to sunlight then at noon it ould still be flat. It wasn 't. It was —M. V. Hood Pussypaws up with the others. But that following night under its tin can it didn 't go down with the others. Maybe the can made warmer conditions, so next I cut holes in the can in such a way to keep out light but permit ventilation and equal temperatures with the outside. It rose and declined with the others, except that at night it still half-heartedly kept one foot raised. Next I built a little rock wall on one side to make partial shade, but allowing free air movements. The plant persisted in raising its flower pedicels higher than the rest at noon and refusing to lie down at night for a week after. Possibly we are seeing a mechanism to insure fertilization rather than a heat or sun movement... the plant raising the flowers high when insects are about. Or perhaps the pedicels droop at night when photosynthesis stops and the accumulated sugars in the green cells of the stalk change to starches, the cells becoming less turgid and the stalks relaxing, only to grow full again in daylight when the products of photosynthesis fill the cells.

Or it may be a method of slowing down water-loss. Pussypaws usually grow in hot-dry exposed dirt or fine gravel where evaporation from the leaves is critical if not protected in some way or by some mechanism. I've noticed that at midday the flowers are up and make an umbrella over the leaves, casting a delicate shadow pattern. Morning or late afternoon when sun is not so warm, the flowers decline and don't shade the food-producing leaves. Most likely the flower movements are the result of several of these factors combined.

BIRD COURTSHIP IN YOSEMITE

Douglass H. Hubbard, Park Naturalist In all of Nature, few experiences earth beside my window attracted are more rewarding than an oppormy eye. Then I heard a soft, muted tunity to observe courtship activities song, barely audible but not too dif• of birds. These seem as varied as ferent from the regular grosbeak birds themselves. song. As I looked carefully from the On a Sunday, in mid May, I watched the noisy, rough-and-tumble mating activities of a pair of robins, then the strutting of an iridescent male Brewer blackbird who, puffed out and with wing tips dragging, walked up and down in front of an unimpressed female of the same species on a sandy shore of the Merced River. Obviously unimpressed, she watched for a few minutes, then flew off across the river, the eager male in close pursuit. Perhaps to add his unwanted song to those of his comrades, which fill Yosemite Valley's summer days with music.

But the prize actor was a black-headed grosbeak. His plumage shone bright yellow and black in the evening light, and his beautiful song was heard from the nest beside my window. Then I heard a soft, muted song, barely audible but not too different from the regular grosbeak song. As I looked carefully from the window to the ground I could see the handsome male, wings extended slightly, and fluttering. His soft, lilting song was punctuated at intervals with the characteristic single notes, so soft they could scarcely be heard. As I watched, the female, which I had not seen before, flew up from near the male. She paused on flower branches of a small bush, then flew away. His love-song thus interrupted, the male grosbeak flew away too. The annual Christmas Bird Count is printed in detail each year In 1 Yosemite Nature Notes, published by the Yosemite NATURAL

HISTORY ASSOCIATION, INC., BOX 545, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK,

CALIFORNIA. A subscription for you or gift subscriptions for your friend will bring you the Yosemite story twelve times a year for only $2.00

YOSEMITE

A LARGE LODGEPOLE PINE

Howard H. Cofer, Ranger-Naturalist While hiking to Harden Lake, an unusually large specimen of lodgepole pine attracted my attention. Measurement showed it to be 16 feet 4 inches in circumference with an average diameter of 62.7 inches at breast height. Measurement above the swollen region at the base showed 17 feet 11 inches in circumference and an average diameter of 54.8 inches. The cross sectional diameter is greater in one direction than the other since the trunk is rather elliptical in shape. The diameters given above were calculated from the circumference and so represent an average diameter. Yosemite Nature Notes, Special Issue, on "The Cone Bearing Trees of Yosemite," gives reference to a lodgepole with a diameter of 62 inches, growing near Moraine Meadows. This same reference indicates that trees with trunks 2 or 3 feet in diameter are good-sized lodgepole pines. The majority of lodgepoles found in the vicinity of our tree are about 2 feet in diameter. However, these same trees are about the same height as the Harden Lake tree, about 120 feet. This greatly exceeds the average height of the mature lodgepole which runs about 60 feet. This tree must be from 200 to 300 years of age, which is a maximum for these trees and this one certainly appears to be "on its last legs." The majority of limbs are dead and I could count only fifteen primary branches which are alive. There are no cones in evidence. Although the pure stands of lodgepole pines in the Tuolumne area are infested with the needleminer, an insect which usually kills the tree, apparently the trees in this area are not infested. The top one-fourth of the tree has died since last year and several of the top branches have dead needles still attached. Two large fungi are

One of Yosemite's record lodgepoles - 16 feet in circumference - just west of Benson Pass. —Ernst, NPS

YOSEMITE

on the north side of the tree at about the dominant. It sticks out rather like a third 18 and 35 feet above the base and arm. this area of the tree definitely apThere are no other trees around pears to be dying. One large fungus for a radius of 25 to 30 feet. The other is on the south side of the tree about trees in the area are mostly red fir 25 feet up and there is a great deal of with white fir and lodgepole pine sap all the way down from it to the scattered about. Jeffrey pines, with a base. Staghorn lichens are present few aspen, are on the rise above the on a few of the lower dead branches flat. The elevation in this area is on the north side. about 7500 feet and the site is on a At one time this old tree undoubtflat. The tree in the Moraine Meadow edly had a forked trunk from about area is at an elevation of over 8000 the 55 foot mark on the north side, feet. Lodgepole pines occur from sea however, it has been broken out, level to elevations of 10,000 feet here apparently many years ago. The in the Sierra but attain their maximum bark is off the trunk in sort of a size in the 7000 to 8500 feet range. V-shape for several feet below this area and much of this dead portion If you stay in the White Wolf is filled with holes made by wood- campground or hike to Harden Lake, peckers. At a point a few feet below you can find this tree about 150 where this major fork had been, and yards beyond the junction of the one-quarter way around the trunk to trail with the fire road. It is on the the west, a new branch has grown right or east side and not five feet horizontally for about four feet and away from the edge of the road. and then has made a sharp right I have found it interesting during angle turn to grow straight up for 25 the last two summers to observe this to 30 feet. This type of response often old veteran struggle to stay alive. It occurs when a major terminal bud surely won't be able to hold on is broken out is lost is broken out of a tree, but this one many more summers. In the meantime apparently never did become domi- we hope to keep watching. EDITOR'S NOTE : The largest recorded lodgepole pine is 19 feet in circumference at 4 1/2 I above the ground. Found by Harold S. Coons, in Sierra National Forest, it is 160 feel h

FULL MOON IN YOSEMITE

Ted R. McVey, Ranger-Naturalist Yosemite seems to take on new beauty with each full moon. A glorious storm preceded the moon 's coming and clouds were flitting Ir< peak to peak as silently as passing ghosts. Then the moon ' s gentle beams began to caress the canyon walls. A new concept of beauty reached out to fill me with everlasting joy as I changing light danced from cliff to cliff,

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE AT THE YOSEMITE MUSEUM

All mail orders should be addressed to, and remittances made payable to, Yosemite NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION, Yosemite NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA. Prices include postage, insurance, on proper items, California State Sales Tax 3%, plus 1% County Tax.

GENERAL

Adams' Guide to Yosemite Valley, Illustrated E 1 65 America's Wonderlands, The National Parks (National Geographic) 12 20 Auto Tour of Yosemite National Park - Ditton and McHenry

Campsite Finder (Western) - Hartesveldt

Climbers Guide to High Sierra - Sierra Club 3 25 Devils Postpile Notional Monument - Hartesveldt

Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (paper) 3 75 Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (cloth) 5 40 Going Light - With Backpack or Burro - Sierra Club 2 25 Happy Isles Nature Center, Your Guide to - Hubbard

Interpreting Our Heritage - Tilden 3 70 National Parks in California - Yeager 2 20 National Park Story in Pictures - Story

National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (paper) 1 40 National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (cloth) 6 30 Nature Trail - Inspiration Point Self-Guiding - Carpenter

Nature Trail - Mariposa Grove Self Guiding - Wason

Place Names of Yosemite Valley - Hartesveldt

Sounds of Yosemite - 33 1/3 LP Recording __ ____ 4 50 Starr's Guide to John Muir Trail and High Sierra Region 2 25 Waterfalls of Yosemite and of the World - Brockman

Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada - Ansel Adorns & John Muir 12 75 Yosemite Story, The - Scott.----° -° --°--- --° _ 1.20 Yosemite Valley - Adams -° $3 25

ANIMAL LIFE

Birds, Western, Field Guide to - Peterson -° -°-- °-°..°- 4 80 Birds of Yosemite - Stebbins..-•---•---- ------.85 Fishes of Yosemite National Park - Evans-Wallis

Mammals of Yosemite National Park - Parker

Reptiles and Amphibians of Yosemite National Park - Walker

TREES AND FLOWERS

Broad-leaved Trees of Yosemite National Park - Brockman

Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite National Park - Cole

Ferns of the Sierra - Rodin -------•.-......85 Sequoias, Yosemite, Guide to the - McFarland

Wildflowers of the Sierra (80 color photos) - Hubbard

Wildflowers, Western, Field Book of - Armstrong 5 40

HISTORY AND INDIANS

Big Oak Flat Road to Yosemite - Paden & Schlichtmann (Paper) 4 25 Big Oak Flat Road to Yosemite - Paden & Schlichtmann (Cloth) 5 35 Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (paper) °........................................................................ 1 15 Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (cloth) 3 10 Indians, Yosemite, Yesterday and Today - Godfrey

John Muir, Protector of the Wilds - Haines-Morrill 2 00 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (paper) 2 20 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (cloth) 3 25 Mother Lode Country, Guide to the - Brockman

100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (paper).°°---°---° °---°• 2 20 100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (cloth) 3 25 Pioneer Cemetery, Guide To - Brubaker

Steve Mather of the National Parks - Shankland 6 20 Wilderness World of John Muir, The - Teele 4 85

GEOLOGY AND MAPS

Geologic History of Yosemite Valley (Prof. Paper 160) - Matthes 5 75 Geology of Yosemite Valley, Brief Story of - Beatty

High Sierra Camp Areas, Trail Guide to - Clark

Incomparable Valley, The - Matthes (paper) ---° 2 20 Map of Devils Postpile, Topographic - USGS °--

Map of Yosemite National Park, Topographic - USGS

Map of Yosemite Valley, Topographic, (geology story printed on back)

North Country of Yosemite, Pocket Guide to - Clark

North Country of Yosemite, Trail Guide to - Clark

Rocks & Minerals _ Zim...---'.........

South Boundary Country, Pocket Guide to - Clark

South Boundary Country, Trail Guide to - Clark 1 15

CHILDREN

A National Park Adventure - Hubbard (paper) 1.15 A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (paper) 1.15 A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.10 Animal Friends of the Sierra - Hubbard (paper) 1.15 Animal Friends of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.10

SEE YOSEMITE NOW

and enjoy

year around Send Subscriptions To : A $2.00 subscription will bring you the Yosemite story accurately and interestingly told twelve times a year. Revenue derived from the activities of the Yosemite Natural History Association is devoted entirely assisting the park naturalist division in the furthurance of research and the interpretation of the natural and human story in Yosemite National Park.

YOSEMITE NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION, INC. BOX 545, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA

Digitized by Yosemite Online Library Dan Anderson