February 1959

YOSEMITE VOLUME XXXVIII - NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 1959

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.

—Yosemite Museum Built originally in 1858, the Upper Hotel was bought by J. M. Hutchings in 1864 and it became known as the Hutchings House. With the addition of a room around the large cedar in back it was also referred to as the Cedar Cottage.

YOSEMITE

Since 1922, the monthly publication of the National Park Service and the Yosemite Natural

NATURE NOTES

History Association in Yosemite National Park. John C. Preston, Park Superintendent Douglass H. Hubbard, Park Naturalist Robert F. Upton, Associate Park Naturalist Paul F. McCrary, Assistant Park Naturalist Sigismund J. Zachwieja, Junior Park Naturalist Robert A. Grom, Park Naturalist Trainee

VOL. XXXVIII FEBRUARY

1959

NO. 2 PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO YOSEMITE

By Marvin R. Koller, Ranger-Naturalist Part I The mute testimony that Yosemite National Park offers scenic wonders almost unique in the world, is the increasing numbers of visitors who pass through the entrance stations. People from all walks of life—from many foreign lands—come to Yosemite, attracted by the lodestone of great beauty. The details cannot be given since their trips were guarded by special escorts whose purpose was to see to it that the personal safety and privacy of the president was guaranteed. The Appeal of this park has reached even to the White House where the first citizens of the land, the Presidents of the United States, have expressed interest in coming to see for themselves its granite domes, its leaping waterfalls, its gigantic trees, its breathtaking scenery.

It occurred to me that perhaps you who have been visitors to Yosemite would like to know some of the details of the trips of our most distinguished visitors, our presidents. Their names, their historical importance, stand out among the many millions who have come here. All

When most of us come to Yosemite we may travel about freely, untroubled by a host of people following us to catch our every word or gesture. To distinguished personages such as presidents, the price of fame is to be watched and followed by many people. In a democracy wherein a people elect their leader this person becomes, indeed, a man belonging to the people. The very importance of the person occupying the office of President necessitates the cloaking of his movements and the guarding of his person.

Not all the men who visited Yosemite and called "President" actually were President of the United

YOSEMITE THE SIERRA CLUB CORDIALLY WELCOMES WARREN G. HARDING PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES MRS. HARDING AND THE MEMBERS OF THEIR PARTY YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK JULY 29 AND 30

1 9 2 3 President Warren G. Harding was on his deathbed at the time these invitations to a reception in his honor were being

YOSEMITE SIERRA CLUB

Founded 1892

402 MILLS BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA THE PURPOSES OF THE CLUB ARE:

To explore, enjoy and render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to enlist the support and cooperation of the people and the Government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada !Mountains. JOHN MUIR, President 1892 to 1914

BOARD OF DIRECTORS,

1923-1924 Clair S. Tappaan, President Los Angeles Walter L. Huber, Vice-President San Francisco Wm. E. Colby, Secretary San Francisco J. N. LeConte, Treasurer Berkeley William Frederic Bade Berkeley Paul S. Bernays Los Angeles Edith Bridges Piedmont Ernest Dawson Los Angeles C. Nelson Hackett San Francisco Aurelia S. Harwood Upland M. Hall McAllister San Francisco Duncan McDukte Berkeley Marion Randall Parsons Berkeley Robert M. Price Reno, Nevada Farman J. Treat Stanford

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS

Robert Underwood Johnson New York David Starr Jordan Stanford University J. Horace McFarland Harrisburg, Pa. Stephen T. Mather Washington, D. C. William B. Greeley Washington, D. C. Vernon L. Kellogg Stanford University C. Hart Merriam Washington, D. C. John Harlan Pavan Chicago, Illinois by many important persons. He died only a day's journey away from Yosemite National Park on August 2, 1923.

—Courtesy I Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery

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States at the time of their visitation. presided over a meeting which exThey may have come before or pressed its apologies to James Hutchafter their term in office. A study of ings who had been evicted from his the records reveals that of a total hotel by the Park Commissioners. of eight Presidents who have visited The resolution passed by this meetYosemite, five were not President of ing told Hutchings that Yosemite the United States at the time of their would always provide shelter for a visits. gentleman who had pioneered so A tragic story may be found in the ably in its behalf. Incidentally, James case of President Warren G. HardGarfield is buried in my old home ing. He was to come to Yosemite on town, Cleveland, Ohio, and when I July 29 and 30, 1923. Elaborate arvisit there soon I shall view his merangements had been made and an morial with a new insight into Garitinerary planned. The route of travel field 's character. was carefully studied and men and Four more years passed before equipment placed so as to facilitate another President visited Yosemite. the orderly movement of the PresiThis time the great man was a formdent. Traffic had to be routed away er general and ex-president. The from the presidential party or there gentleman to whom I am referring would be a tremendous traffic jam was General Ulysses S. Grant who and the President would be greatly was making a tour of the world at inconvenienced. The speed of travel the conclusion of his presidential was noted and special stops of certerm. General Grant signed the tain specified time intervals were Grand register of the Cosmopolitan planned. The comfort and safety of House on October 2, 1879. This the President is kept constantly in would make General Grant one of mind by those charged with the rethe few Presidents who saw Yosernsponsibilities of the trip. In the case ite in the fall rather than summerof President Harding, all these artime. rangements were prepared when Another four years elapsed and death came to the nation 's leader in once again another ex-president arSan Francisco. Thus, President rived for a short visit to Yosemite-Harding died a day 's journey away this time Rutherford B. Hayes. Presifrom one of his objectives, Yosemite. dent Hayes served in office from

As many of you know, President 1877 to 1881, the year the tunnel was Abraham Lincoln signed the bill crecut in the world famous "Tunnel offing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. No Tree" in the Mariposa Grove. In man who occupied the nation 's high1883, with a party of twelve, Mr. est office came to Yosemite until Hayes enjoyed the sights of Yosem1875. The honor of being the first He. He was accommodated at the President to come to Yosemite fell to Sentinel Hotel, which stood for many James Garfield. In six short years years on the south bank of the Mel after his Yosemite visit, James Garced River facing Yosemite Falls. field took office as President. He (There are markers to be found today came to Yosemite, however, as a to the west of Sentinel Bridge which member of Congress and was known mark this famous hotel 's corners.) officially as General James Garfield. I hic is Part 1 of e lbw /part cr rir,. Par / II a 1/ On that occasion, General Garfield presided over a meeting which expressed its apologies to James Hutchings who had been evicted from his hotel by the Park Commissioners. (Continued in Part II)

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MANZANITA — A NATIVE CALIFORNIAN

By Robert W. Crippin, Ranger-Naturalist Many interesting features make sumption. It has been estimated that manzanita unique among California an acre of selected manzanita shrubs. The twisted and curved bushes is capable of producing as branches of red-mahogany color are much solid nourishment as an acre picturesque, and are beloved by the of wheat. The leaves were sometimes artist and park visitor alike. The used for smoking and from the wood wood is as hard as bone and genwere fashioned pipes, digger sticks, orally must be sawed, rather than and acorn mush paddles. The leaves out with an ax. The leaves stand up were used for a tea to cure colds edgewise to the sky in a way that and to ease the effects of poison oak. minimizes their exposure to the rays In mission days, when iron was of the sun, and thus reduces the evascarce, the hardness of the wood poration of moisture. seems to have recommended it as a It might be said that the manzanita substitute for nails. Manzanita pegs sheds its skin like a snake. Naked were used in the building of Mission stems are covered by a paper-thin Dolores at San Francisco. and satiny-smooth bark of rich red. The white settlers of the West used As the stems expand in growth this the berries to make cider, vinegar, thin bark gives way, cracks and brandy, and jelly. Today the peels off in curling flakes, leaving a branches are popular as decorative tender new bark exposed to view. pieces, for the making of ming trees, At first the new bark is soft green, lamp bases, book ends, and pipe but it is soon burned by the sun into bowls. In addition, the wood has a rich mahogany. Immediately after been a source of firewood and charcoal. flowering the plant generally sends out new foliage and twig growth in brilliant colors of crimson and scarlet. The colored foliage of the new growth is more spectacular than the lovely, urn-shaped flowers of white or pink.

In many localities the manzanitas are among the first plants to appear in burned-over areas. Some sprout from root crown, while others reestablish by abundant seeding initiated by the heat of the fire. This rapid recovery often prevents erosion. It also offers shade and moisture conservation, enabling the less durable conifers to reseed and return the devastated area to the climax forest in a shorter time.

The manzanita was used extensively by the California Indians, and the Spanish and early American settlers. Only a little less than the acorn did the manzanita berry enter into the diet of the Indians. The fruit was often either raw or cooked; however it was generally ground and used as a base for cider. Quantities of the berries were packed home by the women and saved for winter consumption.

The members of this genus are evergreen shrubs with crooked branches and smooth, reddish, exfoliated bark. The leaves are entire (rarely toothed), alternate, and more

YOSEMITE

—Upton, NPS Mariposa Manzanita. or less vertical by the twisting of the petioles; firm or leathery and often similar on both surfaces. The flowers are pinkish or white, jug or urn-shaped, five-toothed and borne on terminal cluster or panicle composed of a few or several racemes, and are small and usually nodding. The fruit is a drupe or berry with four to ten seed-like nutlets that may be separable or united into a solid stone. The Spanish word, manzanita, refers to the fruit and means "little apple".

The genus Arctostaphylos is easily shaped, five-toothed and borne on recognized, but the classification and terminal cluster or panicle composed identification of the various forms of a few or several racemes, and are are rather difficult. The Yosemite small and usually nodding. The fruit manzanitas vary in growth-form is a drupe or berry with four to ten from prostrate, mat-forming shrubs seed-like nutlets that may be separto small trees. Some crown sprout able or united into a solid stone. after fires or after cutting, while There are about fifty species of others are completely destroyed by manzanitas distributed in North and fires. The foliage varies from dark. Central America, chiefly on the cific Coast. Thirty-eight species with several varieties and numerous forms are native to California. Three species are common in Yosemite National Park.

The Yosemite species of manzanita will be briefly outlined for easy identification: tional Park

The genus name, Arctostaphylos, is derived from the Greek arktos, a bear, and staphyle, a grape, in reference to the feeding of bears upon the berry. This is common in the Upper

Mariposa manzanita

Mariposa manzanita is an erect branched shrub, four to eight

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Sonoran and Transition zones. This is the most common manzanita on the valley floor and on the northern wall and talus slopes of Yosemite Valley, and is found up to an elevation of 6000 feet.

The bark is smooth and dark-reddish brown and the branchlets and inflorescence are glandular hairy with short stiff hairs. The leaves are nearly hairless or bald, with few exceptions, and are firm or rigid, oval to elliptic, rounded to acute with a short, soft point at the tip, entire (rarely toothed), pale grayish-green, rough in texture and from one-half to one and three quarters inches long and three quarters to one and a quarter inches broad. The petals are usually about one quarter inch long and are usually covered with hairs.

The white or pinkish-white flowers are borne in flat-topped clusters or panicles. The stems of the flower clusters are glandular and hairy, from one quarter to one third inch long. The red berry is hairy and to elliptic, rounded to acute with a sticky, scarcely a quarter inch broad, short, soft point at the tip, entire with three solitary and two united (rarely toothed), pale grayish-green, nutlets.

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sticky, scarcely a quarter inch broad, with three solitary and two united nutlets.

The Yosemite Indians used these berries in making a pleasing cider-like beverage.

Green Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula)

This shrub is found in the Transition and Canadian Zones, in open forest or on open slopes. It is abundant in open forest on both walls and rims of the valley above 6000 feet; abundant below the north side of Sentinel Dome and the chaparral slope above Union Point; found occasionally on slopes of the north wall down to Columbia Point; rarely on the valley floor, seen only among the boulders behind the Old Village.

The stems of green manzanita are erect, four to six feet high and branched, forming a bushy shrub with rigid, crooked branches. The bark is smooth, bright reddish-brown and not exfoliating, and the branchlets are glabrous.

The leaves are dark green and glabrous, oval to obvicular, obtuse, broad at the base, one to two inches long, three quarters to one and three quarters inches broad, and mostly rounded or heart shaped at the base, and firm and leathery in texture. The urn-shaped, deep pink flowers are a quarter inch long and are borne in dense, round terminal clusters, the pedicels being glabrous. The fruit is chestnut brown, globose or depressed, hard to open, and about one third inch broad. The juice of the fruit is similar to that of green apples and may be used to quench one's thirst. They are eaten by mammals as food. The Yosemite Indians used their berries also to make manzanita cider. The nutlets are rounded on the back and are nearly smooth.

Dwarf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevadensis)

This shrub is found in the Canadian and Hudsonian Zones, in open pine forest. In Yosemite it is found at elevations as low as 4,500 feet but generally above the valley floor. It may be found at Gin Flat, Illilouette Fall, Eagle Peak, Glacier Point, Clouds Rest, along the Pohono Trail, and elsewhere at timber line.

Dwarf manzanita is a low, prostrate, depressed shrub, often forming a rough, low thicket over the forest floor. The erect branches may attain the height of six or nine inches and may spread out for one or two feet. The bark is reddish-brown and not exfoliating.

The leaves are ovate to oblanceolate, commonly narrowly obovate, roundish to acutish at the apex, tipped with a soft point, glabrous or minutely hairy, bright green on both surfaces, and one half to one inch long.

The pinkish flowers are borne in short, simple or few branched racemes and are about one quarter inch long. The flower stalks are glabrous and one-sixteenth of an inch long.

MOUNTAIN AND FORESTS SPEAK

The voice of the wind has spoken In the trees is a sweet refrain. Laughter in rhythm comes rippling From a waterfall making its rain. Blossoms of dogwood are gleaming In satin white, orange, and green. Springtime all dressed in her finery, On top, below, and between. Should now these majestic mountains In finery, cut out in pain, Because of a careless camper Who had let his fire inflame, This greatest and beauteous garden, By leaving an ember to glow. Their cries would be shaking asunder, Walls greater than Jericho. Yet People are treating so lightly That which is the poets lore, And for all artists a playground Of stillness. A sanctified floor, Where is dwelling the school of nature, And the noblest of things are wrought, By those here in meditation, Who are elevating their thought. Alfred E. Brighton

YOSEMITE 1958 CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT IN YOSEMITE

By W. J. and Erma Fitzpatrick

The annual Christmas Bird Count taken in and adjacent to Yosemite National Park between El Portal (elevation 2,000 ft.) and Shippey Meadow (elevation 7,000 ft.) and including Yosemite Valley, was conducted on December 30, 1958 under ideal conditions. Clear skies, no wind, and mild temperatures were characteristic. Temperatures ranged from 24° to 65° with snow and ice being encountered only from about 4,000 ft. upwards.

Twenty observers, working in four parties, recorded 60 species and 2,044 individuals. This did not equal the previous year's all-time record of 65 species, but the count was highly successful nevertheless. The average was well above usual, and of unusual interest were the large numbers of Band-tailed Pigeons, Pygmy Owls and Dippers observed. Widespread interest was indicated by the fact that participants came from points as far distant as San Francisco and North Hollywood. The participants were: Mignon Augsbury, Katharine Coakley, Gerald Conley, Lydia Fatzinger, Erma Fitzpatrick, Michael Fitzpatrick, W. J. Fitzpatrick, Zelda Garey, Mrs. Edmond S. Gillette, Jr., Gale Glass, Jane Glass, Bob Groin, Douglass Hubbard, Vergena Koller, Bill Pruner, Ginny Ann Sturm, Mary Lou Sturm, John Townsley, Mary Curry Tresidder, and Sig Zachwieja.

The detailed count follows: Great Blue Heron, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Golden Eagle, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Mountain Quail, 1; Band-tailed Pigeon, 352; Mourning Dove, 50; Pygmy Owl, 5; Anna's Hummingbird, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 6; Red-shafted Flicker, 25; Acorn Woodpecker, 29; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Nuttall's Woodpecker, 7; White-headed Woodpecker, 2; Black Phoebe, 6; Steller's Jay, 86; Scrub Jay, 28; Mountain Chickadee, 31; Plain Titmouse, 23; Common Bushtit, 92; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Brown Creeper, 10; Wren-tit, 5; Dipper, 19; House Wren, 1; Winter Wren, 6; Bewick's Wren, 3; Canyon Wren, 11; Rock Wren, 1; Robin, 157; Varied Thrush, 33; Hermit Thrush, 6; Western Bluebird, 35; Townsend's Solitaire, 11; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 180; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 111; Cedar Waxwing, 20; Hutton's Vireo, 1; Audubon's Warbler, 6; House Sparrow, 13; Purple Finch, 8; Cassin's Finch, 1; House Finch, 4; Pine Siskin, 11; Lesser Goldfinch, 23; Rufous-sided Towhee, 59; Brown Towhee, 85; Lark Sparrow, 100; Rufous-crowned Sparrow, 1; Slate-colored Junco, 1; Oregon Junco, 187; White-crowned Sparrow, 7; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 98; Fox Sparrow, 11; Song Sparrow, 5.

YOSEMITE

YOSEMITE'S KING SNAKES

By John D. Cunningham, Ranger-Naturalist Not uncommonly in the Yosemite region, mountain king snakes (Lampropeltis zonata) are discovered which lack red in their dorsal coloration. Even when red is present it is frequently faded to a light purple, especially in juveniles, and only a close inspection will reveal its presence at all. If such snakes are "keyed out" by means of a color key they would be classified as the California king snake (Lampropeltis getulus Californiae). The only sure way to determine the difference between a black and white mountain king snake and a California king snake is to look at the anterior supralabials, the scales on the upper jaw nearest the snout. If these scales are black the snake is Lampropeltis zonata; if they are light, with or without dark edges, the snake is L. getulus. When one becomes familiar with the two species, however, their general appearance and behavior are usually sufficient to distinguish them. The usual king snake most commonly encountered in Yosemite is the Mountain king snake.

Much has been said concerning the relationship of king snakes and rattlesnakes. The diet of the king snake is actually quite variable, although they feed upon snakes to a greater extent than most other species. Rattlesnakes are not ignored, if small enough to swallow, but there is no evidence that the king snake makes a special search for them or prefers them to other snakes. King snakes are relatively immune to the bite of a rattlesnake and can survive a dose that would make a human, weighing 300 times as much, seriously ill. If the fangs of the rattler penetrate some vital organ, such as the heart, brain, or lung, the king snake would probably succumb from the effect of the venom.

When capturing a rattlesnake, the king snake usually makes no special attempt to secure the rattler's head. Thus the rattlesnake is frequently free to bite and usually does. Although they will throw body coils around the rattler to secure it during the swallowing process.

When in the presence of king snakes, rattlers react in a very peculiar manner. The central portion of their body is raised, the head and tail anchoring the rattler to the ground, and this loop is brought down upon the king snake like a club. The California king snake is the usual enemy of the rattler, although a few cases are on record of racers (Masticophis spp.) eating small rattlesnakes.

YOSEMITE REMEMBER WHEN?

—Yosemite Museum Many early visitors entered Yosemite Valley over the Big Oak Flat Road before portions of it were destroyed by rock slides. At least one visitor was more impressed by the camera than the magnitude of El Capitan!

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE AT THE YOSEMITE MUSEUM

All mail orders should be addressed to, and remittances made payable to, Yosemite NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION, Yosemite NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA. Prices include postage, insurance, and on proper items, California State Sales Tax 3%, plus 1% County Tax.

GENERAL

Adams' Guide to Yosemite Valley, Illustrated $1 65 Auto Tour of Yosemite Valley, Self-Guiding - Beatty and Harwell

Auto Tour of Yosemite National Park - Ditton and McHenry

Campsite Finder (Western) - Hartesveldt 1 65 Climbers Guide to High Sierra - Sierra Club _ 3 25 Devils Postpile National Monument - Hartesveldt __

Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (paper) 3 75 Exploring Our National Parks and Monuments - Butcher (cloth) 5 40 Going Light - With Backpack or Burro - Sierra Club 2 25 Happy Isles Nature Center, Your Guide to - Hubbard

National Park Story in Pictures - Story

National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (cloth) 6 20 National Parks, The - What They Mean to You and Me - Tilden (paper) 1 15 Nature Trail - Inspiration Point Self-Guiding - Carpenter _

Nature Trail - Mariposa Grove Self Guiding - Wason

Outdoor Hazards - Real and Fancied - Hood -- 4 25 Place Names of Yosemite Valley - Hartesveldt

Rocks & Minerals, How to Know Them - Pearl

Starr 's Guide to John Muir Trail and High Sierra Region 2 25 This is California - Obert..........................__ °_..-.... 8 00 Waterfalls, Famous, of the World - Brockman

Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada - Ansel Adorns & John Muir 12 70 Yosemite Story, The - Scott --._---°-- 1.20 Yosemite Trails & Tales - Taylor _- - ' 90

ANIMAL LIFE

Animal Tracks, Field Guide to - Murie 4.30 Birds of Pacific States - Hoffman 6.20 Birds, Western, Field Guide to - Peterson 4 30 Birds of Yosemite - Stebbins _ _-.85 Fishes of Yosemite National Park - Evans-Wallis _-.

Mammals, Field Guide to - Burt and Grossenheider 4 30 Mammals of Yosemite National Park - Parker

Reptiles and Amphibians of Yosemite National Park - Walker

Survey of Sierra Nevada Bighorn - Jones

TREES AND FLOWERS

Broadleaved Trees of Yosemite National Park - Brockman

Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite National Park - Cole

Ferns, Field Guide to - Cobb -- _----°- 4 30 Sequoias, Yosemite, Guide to the - McFarland

Wildflowers, Common, of Yosemite - Beatty, Harwell and Cole

Wildflowers of the Sierra (80 color photos) - Hubbard

Wildflowers, Western, Field Book of - Armstrong 5 40

HISTORY AND INDIANS

Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (paper ) 1 20 Ghost Mines of Yosemite - Hubbard (cloth) 3 00 Gold, Guns and Ghost Towns - Chalfant 3 80 Indians, Yosemite, Yesterday and Today - Godfrey...

John Muir, Protector of the Wilds - Haines-Morrill 2 00 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (paper) 2 20 Miwok Material Culture - Barrett and Gifford (cloth) 3 25 Mother Lode Country, Guide to the - Brockman

100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (paper) 2 20 100 Years in Yosemite - Russell (cloth) 3 25 One Thousand California Place Names - Gudde

Steve Mather of the National Parks - Shankland..... _ 6 20 Wilderness World of John Muir, The - Teale 4 85 Yosemite: The Story of An Idea - Huth

GEOLOGY AND MAPS

Geologic History of Yosemite Valley (Prof. Paper 160) - Matthes - 5.75 Geology of Yosemite Valley, Brief Story of - Beatty

High Sierra Camp Areas, Pocket Guide to - Clark

High Sierra Camp Areas. Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15 Incomparable Valley. The - Matthes (paper) _2.15 Map of Sequoia-Kings Canyon NP, Topographic - USGS __ 1,15 Map of Yosemite National Park, Topographic - USGS

Map of Yosemite Valley, Topographic, shaded (geology story printed on back)

North Country of Yosemite, Pocket Guide to - Clark

North Country of Yosemite, Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15 South Boundary Country, Pocket Guide to - Clark

South Boundary Country, Trail Guide to - Clark 1.15

FOR CHILDREN

A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (paper) 1.20 A Day with Tupi, An Indian Boy of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00 Animal Friends of the Sierra Hubbard (paper) 1.20 Animal Friends of the Sierra - Hubbard (cloth) 3.00