July 1927

--- title: "Yosemite Nature Notes Vol. 6 No. 7"

source_url: "https://www.Yosemite.ca.us/library/Yosemite_nature_notes/6/6-7.pdf" pdf_filename: "6-7.pdf" volume: 6 number: 7 extraction_method: "text" --- # Yosemite Nature Notes Vol. 6 No. 7

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HUBERT WORK, SECRETARY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE STEPHEN T. MATHER, DIRECTOR. YOSEMITE NATURE NOTES VOL. VI JULY, 1927 NO.7

This is the official publication of the Educational Department of Yosemite National Park. It is published each month by the National Park Service with the cooperation of the Yosemite Natural History Association, and its purpose is to supply dependable information on the natural history and scientific features of Yosemite National Park. The articles published herein are not copyrighted as it is intended that they shall be freely used by the press. Communications should be addressed to C. P. Russell, Park Naturalist, Yosemite National Park, California.

W. B. LEWIS

Superintendent

"LEARN TO READ THE TRAILSIDE" YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIF. 1927

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF SOME YOSEMITE PLANTS

By Fern E. Miller Yosemite School of Field Natural History In making a survey of the park without any of the objectionable flora possessing medicinal proper features of that drug The flowers. ties, some interesting facts have placed in oil and exposed to the sun have been thought valuable as come to light regarding various a hair tonic and scalp cleanser. plants and their uses- -many of One of the most popular med- which seem very queer. We have icinal plants of Yerba the state Santa found in all seen and admired the beautiful the park is (Eriodictyon californicum, Greene), the flowers found here, but how many "holy herb" of the early Spanish people know that many of these settlers, who valued it as a blood plants serve purposes other than purifier, a cure catarrh for consumption, rheumatism, and bronchitis, pleasing the aesthetic senses? tism. The Indians used it also in The little meadow plant with a treating colds, asthma and grippe A tea is made of the dried objectionable, bright pink flower which Spanish or, if the bitter taste is Californians call Canchalagua (Eryable, t, boiling them with sugar thraea venusta, Gray) is also known This is one of the few medicinal as Wild Quinine because of its bit- plants of the park recognized as of- ter taste and usefulness in treating ficial in the United States Pharmacopoeia. fevers. Plants were found by the early We usually think of our Godetias inhabitants for practically every with their rich magenta coloring as necessity Among other uses, Chia (Salvia columbariae, Benth.) fur- objects of admiration rather than niched a means of removing foreign a basis for a hand lotion. However, particles from the eye The seeds the leaves of this plant have been are mucilaginous and, placed under mixed with lard, heated and strain- the eyelid, collected the offending ed and when cool, used as an ap- substance and relieved the sufferer These seeds were also an important plication for chapped hands. article of diet for the ancient Mexicans, who cultivated the plant, and Another flower whose beauty brightens many parts of our state for the Indians, who used them in is the California Poppy (Eschsoups, etc scholtzia californica, Cham) This is There are, in the park, over.

not found commonly in the park. plants possessing medicinal proper. but may be seen near Bridalveil ties in greater or less degree. While Falls, where, Hall says, it is apparently many used by Indians and settlers native. This plant. has been probably have little or no intrinsic an object of interest to chemists value they are harmless; and some and therapeutics, for it is said to have proved of real worth in curative act in a manner similar to opium tive processes.—

Volume VI July 31, 1927 Number 7

YOSEMITE'S NEW HATCHERY

By H. C Bryant Anglers who try their luck in the Steelhead trout eggs, secured in streams and lakes of Yosemite Na- Santa Cruz and Mendocino counties, tional Park are increasing by the have been successfully hatched and thousands. The new all-year high- more than a half million baby trout way is expected to double the travel may be seen in the troughs. Each record and make it turn the half trough contained 25,000 fry on June million mark. This means depleted 1 The oldest fish were about a streams unless efforts be made to month old and the younger ones care for the situation. For many about two weeks old. The steel- years streams and lakes of the park head is one of the gamest of the have been annually stocked by the native trouts, often leaping clear California Fish and Game Commis- of the water several times after sion. With but one nearby hatch- being hooked. No finer trout could ery, the one at Wawona, most of grace Yosemite's streams the fish planted have had to be California Pioneer in shipped from the Mount Shasta Fish Propagation hatchery. California was a pioneer in fish The need of more adequate stock- propagation work. Even previous ing and of a nearby source of to the creation of a fish and game supply has long been recognized. commission in 1870, the California Eight years ago the Fish and Game Acclimatization Society operated a Commission operated an experimental hatchery at Happy Isles. The small hatchery near the City Hall in San Francisco and later one on water proved to be pure and cold the University campus at Berkeley and splendidly adapted for hatching purposes, but a move to build tablished at Sissons, now Mount a hatchery failed Shasta, Siskiyou county. At present the state owns and operates the project finally brought the desired result and more than thirty hatcheries and sired result and a visit to Happy egg-collecting stations. The Yosemite Hatchery is but one of five building, attractive yet efficient new ones constructed within the Stone masonry catches the eye be- past three years, Up to the present fore the cedar shingles of roof and a total of close to a billion and a sides. A pergola gives a fine rus- quarter of fish have been planted tic appearance and the whole build- from the state hatcheries. During ing melts into its forest setting, the biennial period 1924-25. a total inside are to be found fifty-four of 59,574,700 trout and 14,157,150 troughs, making it a sizable hatch- salmon were successfully reared ery. An addition to increase it to and planted in California's streams a 100-trough hatchery is contemplated. About eighty men are Guy Tabler, for many years employed during the hatching season to care for the millions of baby superintendent of the Wawona hatchery, the capable superintendent in charge. Distribution a Great Problem

THE YOSEMITE FISH HATCHERY

"A visit to Happy Isles will disclose a fine hatchery building, attractive yet efficient. Stone masonry catches the eye before the cedar shingles of roof and sides. A pergola gives a fine rustic appearance and the whole building melts into its forest setting."

Proper distribution of the fish has long been a great problem. For many years railroad cars especially equipped for the work, carried the cans of trout to the nearest railway station where they were met by men who donated their services and transported them to various lakes and streams with wagon, auto truck or pack train. Fish were allocated to applicants. An improvement on this system is now in force. A statewide survey is to determine the needs and fish are allocated accordingly, Trained fish planters are to accompany each shipment and will be responsible for proper planting. In many instances, with small hatcheries serving local areas, it is possible for trained hatchery men to move a truck load of fish directly from the hatchery to the stream. With this new system losses of fish during shipment will be cut to a minimum Not only will the Yosemite hatchery help to stock depleted streams. but it will demonstrate to the thousands of park visitors how trout are propagated. Nature guides will be detailed to show visitors through this model hatchery and explain the secrets of fish culture. This will mean that with knowledge of methods, better support for such conservation activities will be forthcoming. Furthermore, the man who sees how much time and effort is expended in rearing fish will take thought before he wastes the supply furnished the angler.

A PUGNACIOUS SIERRA GROUSE

By D. D. McLean While hiking down the Glacier and instead of moving away, he Point road a short way above the grasped me by the back of my hotel on June 1, I was suddenly hand with his bill and pounded my attacked by a male Sierra grouse. He came dashing up behind me and circled me several times, running more and more, he became bolder, allowing me to hold him down to the ground and shove him about. at top speed. Suddenly he flew at my legs and beat them with his wings. I then knelt down and watched him sparring for an opening. Every few seconds he would puff out his neck pouches and give forth several subdued hoots. Occasionally he would chuckle in a peculiar guttural manner. Sometimes he would dash at my hand and pound with his wings. Several times after that I was attacked in the same way by this male grouse. Presumably, he was I put my hand out toward him, protecting a nest nearby.

THE OWLS OF THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA

By D. D. McLean Owls are more often heard than It is out in broad daylight, especial- seen and this fact, of course, makes ly during dark, cloudy days, hunt- them only slightly known to the ing for birds, insects, etc. general public visiting their abode. Its call is clear and different The Yosemite section has several from any other Sierran bird, al- species of owls, all more or less though it remotely resembles the common. The one most often heard mountain quail. It sounds like: too, and one of the most common is the too, too, too, too-toot-toot, The first great horned owl, whose deep-toned part is given rapidly at the rate of hoots can often be heard from the about three notes a second, whereas camps. The notes are given in a the last part is much slower at the far-carrying tone, sounding like: rate of about one note every two "Ha, whoo, whoo, whoo," In base seconds, and even slower. The notes clef, can be produced in similar tone by The bird is about the size of a whistling with deep intonation. large hawk and has great staring. The bird is dusky brown above, yellow-irised eyes, with large flecked with small white spots; be- "horns" of feathers standing up low it is white, heavily streaked over each eye. The coloration is a with black. The flight is rapid, re- mottled grayish brown, black, white minding one of some of the common and buff over the entire plumage. day birds, such as the flicker, whose It is found in the deep timber for- flight is rapid and undulating. ests from the foothills well back The eyes are small for an owl and into the higher mountains. beady, with black center and a clear The little screech owl is fairly yellow iris. common locally in the Sierras. and The long-eared owl is a medium- its song is often heard on quiet sized owl, seldom seen in the Yo- evenings. It sounds something like a- emite region. It has long "ears" or this: "Whoo, hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo," "horns" like the great horned owl. loud at first and becoming softer and The color is dusky brown above, more rapid as it continues, until It with black and buffy mottlings; befades away entirely. It also has neath it is buffy, streaked with another call, a louder kitera, kitera, black. kitera, but it has none of the carry- The great gray owl, the largest ing qualities or softness of the for- as well as one of the rarest owls of mer. the whole region, is found only at The bird is a gray, black and high elevations and even there it is white mottled little fellow about very scarce. The notes are quavernine inches long. It has "horns" ing in tone, although owl-like in also, this reminding one of a tiny character. The bird is diurnal and horned owl. probably nocturnal also. Those seen The spotted owl, "a bird with a have been found abroad in broad character," is one of the most interdaylight and apparently had peresting birds one could ever hope to fectly good eyesight. meet. The barking, caterwauling, hissing They are monsters, being larger ing and chuckling that a pair of than the great horned owl in every spotted owls can carry on is amazing. They have no "horns" ing. The commonest notes are a to adorn their great round heads, series of barks, sounding much like and their eyes are relatively small a small dog and something like this: with yellowish iris. "Bow, wow, wow, wow," becoming The plumage is gray, black and slower and more muffled as the so white mottling above. with gray called "barking" continues. There underparts streaked with black. is also a large vocabulary of hisses. They are to be found in the great chuckles. squalls and catcalls that fir forests at high altitudes. are seldom heard unless one intrudes their meeting haunts. The saw-whet owl does not seem to be common anywhere in the Yosemite region: at least it has seldom The bird is smaller than the great come under much direct observation. The head is large and well rounded, with It is between the pigmy owl horned owl and has no horns. and screech owl in size but more bluish black eyes and no yellow nearly resembles the pigmy in iris. The color is brownish with appearance. It is entirely nocturnal roundish spots of white over most of the plumage. so far as known. Its notes are given Their habitat is generally in deep, as a soft scraping sound that nearly dark canyons or heavily wooded defies description, being different northern slopes where the sun seldom penetrates. from anything else I have ever heard. The California pigmy owl, which its plumage is dusky brown is only about seven inches long, is above and lighter below, with faint the smallest member of the owl streaks. The feathers are very soft family in the Sierras. It is crepuscular in habit but probably hunts to those of any owl with which I am and fluffy, more so, in fact, than some extent during the night, too, familiar.

Recent Museum Accessions By C. P. RUSSELL Numerous friends of educational been used a very long time ago. work in national parks are constantly adding valuable exhibits. Charles Nelson found and donated the relic. At the same time that the Yosemite Museum collections, and mortar was unearthed, two soapstone vessels of about a quart capacity were found. needed books to the Museum Library. The splendid fire-proof building The walls of and the creditable plate glass cases these pots were quite thin and both in which exhibits are now housed were broken. Ranger John Wegner and displayed are a guarantee to was the donor of these unusual Yo- donors that their gifts will be prop- semite artifacts. Ho-ka-ha, the erly cared for for all time to come. dance rattle used by Yosemite Indians. It is most gratifying to national and made from cocoons of park service officials to find so the Ceanothus silk moth, was do- many visitors in possession of articles that have significance in the donated by Chris Brown, a local Indian. This same Indian found frag- work done by the Yosemite edu- cements of a very ancient basket high tional department. Likewise it is on the talus slope above the Indian pleasing to discover the fine co-op- Cave. Quite possibly, the fragments erative spirit that prompts donors are remains of a basket dropped by to present useful materials. the Yosemites when they made Recently the history and Indian their wild flight up the cliffs, that collections have been enriched by day of Yosemite's discovery by the addition of a number of desir- white men in 1851. At any rate, the able articles. Of special interest old, weathered specimens now find are twelve valuable quartz gold a place in the exhibit of local bas- specimens from the Mother Lode ketry. country, the gift of Mrs. William M. Duval. A 16 by 20 inch framed Museum Library Receives Gifts photographic copy of Thomas Hill's The Museum Library has been painting of the old group of buildings long known as the Sentinel greatly added to in the past several Hotel property, was presented by months. Chief Naturalist A. F. Hall has obtained several hundred Dr. D. Chester Brown and Francis books for us from the Veterans' P. Farquhar. The Sentinel group Bureau. G. E. Reynolds presented has existed as shown in this picture a nicely bound series of that record since the completion of the main of national park affairs, the Out-of-Sentinel Hotel building by Barnard Doors section of the Stockton Record in 1877. A large iron mortar and for 1926. A beautiful edition of pestle once used in the assay office "Two Years Before the Mast" was of the famous Potosi mine, west of Yosemite, was presented by Chris Hauck. Ranger H. A. Skelton gave Richard Henry Dana, the famous author's son. "Letters of John Boyes Tileston," containing a splendid specimen of the old an account of the first ascent of Colt's Navy cap and ball revolver Mount Lyell, is the gift of Mrs. that was so popular with those ear- J. S. Tileston. The National Society ly Californians who blazed first of Colonial Dames presented copies trails. This weapon was brought to of D. N. Lehmer's "Seven Indian California by Mr. Skelton's father. Songs From the Yosemite Valley." Two opium pipes and scales for weighing opium were also presented by Ranger Skelton. Dr. H. M. Hall made available another copy of his now rare "Yosemite Flora," which book is, of Interesting Indian Artifacts course, very essential in Yosemite Among the most interesting In- nature work. E. O. Essig's "Insects dian artifacts recently acquired is of Western North America," and a small saucer-like mortar found in Jepson's "Flowering Plants of Cali-, Yosemite valley by workmen who fornia" were given by the 1926 class were excavating pipeline trenches. of the Yosemite School of Field This little mortar is made of soap- Natural History. The beautiful stone and was, of course, brought Sierra edition of John Muir's works to Yosemite from some distant (ten volumes) was also presented point. It was found several feet below by this class. Roland Case Ross neath the surface, and must have gave ninety numbers of the

National Geographic Magazine. Many tives. The possession of these of the magazines contain important slides has made it possible to equip natural history material. "Wild the naturalist stationed at Glacier Flowers of California," Parsons; Point with creditable lecture material "Flora of Western Middle Califor- terial. Dr. Oastler has again gen- nia," Jepson "Textbook of Geology," erously given nine beautifully col- Pierson; Good's 1837 "Book of Na- ored slides made from his Yosemite ture," and fifteen other volumes negatives. The State College of were presented by E. M. Hilton. Washington, in return for use of Twenty-seven books from the old some of our negatives, has made Yosemite Public School Library ten natural history slides. were made the property of the Laboratory equipment has been museum. The Yosemite Natural added with funds made available by History Association purchased a the Yosemite Natural History Association, and Chief Naturalist Hall copy of Joseph LeConte's 1882 "Elements of Geology." About 100 has supplied another 5 by 7 inch books, mostly fiction, which were Century View camera from his edu- turned over to the Yosemite branch cational headquarters. of the Mariposa County Library, That good friend of national were received from Mrs. Ella W. parks and conservation in general McKay. Mrs. David White gave a C. J. Hamlin of Buffalo, recently copy of "History of a Mountain," by called and presented $100 to the Reclus. Yosemite Natural History Associa- Beautiful Lantern Slides tion for the purpose of completing Our series of lantern slides has the taxidermy work needed for the also received important additions. upper Sonoran case in our life zone The Yosemite Park and Curry Corn- room. It is intended that the speci- pany has presented forty-one col- mens shall be prepared by Egmont ored and fifty-nine uncolored slides Rett, who produced such creditable made by the George Stone Labora- results in our former natural history preparations, chiefly from our own negatives.

BAND-TAILED PIGEONS TO BE SEEN IN YOSEMITE

By H. C. Bryant A newspaper dispatch from Nee- anywhere acorns are available. A nah, Wis., claims that four passenger pigeons have been seen on the a large number of these wild pigeons are found in the Yosemite valley in shores of Lake Winnebago. Such summer. They may be seen in reports appear every year; yet no flight above the tops of the trees. one claims the reward of over $3000 or may be startled from the ground for the finding of a nesting pair. beneath black oaks, where they As a rule, similar reports in past feed. One is sure to find them years have been traced to records about barns where there is waste of the mourning dove. Though the grain. Several nests placed high in passenger pigeon is extinct and is trees have been located this sum- likely to remain extinct, California mer. The bird lays but a single has wild pigeons to show. The egg. Its rate of increase is thus band-tailed pigeon came near ex- shown to be very slow. If the sea- tinction in the West because given son on this game bird is ever re- no protection. But fortunately the opened, care will have to be taken federal government, and later the to take a toll consistent with the state gave the bird complete pro- rate of increase. Meanwhile, the tection beginning in 1913. Since band-tailed pigeon, the wild pigeon that time band-tailed pigeons have of the western United States, may increased and are likely to be seen be seen and studied in Yosemite.—

AFIELD WITH THE NATURE GUIDES

White-Crowned Sparrow in Yosemite Valley One of the most familiar spar- of 400 feet. Several years ago a rows throughout the State is one pair nested near the old village in that has three white stripes sep- Yosemite Valley and several differ- ' arated by two black ones across ent years birds have been seen the head. Because of the major near the Rangers' Club and another white stripe over the crown of the male has been seen and heard head, the bird is known as the near Camp 19. Of the habits and white-crowned sparrow. Not all song of this bird, Mrs. Bailey's those who recognize this bird real- Handbook of the Birds of Western ise that there are three varieties United States, has this to say: The found in the State—each varying white-crowned sparrow is pre-emi- as to when and where found. The nently the sparrow of the moun- Nuttall white-crowned sparrow is a tains. Along the willow-bordered resident of the humid coast belt, streams that run through the the Gambel white-crowned sparrow mountain meadows in the Sierra is a winter visitant throughout the its thin, sharp chirp of parental valleys, returning to nesting anxiety is often heard, and its song grounds in British Columbia and dominates the bird chorus. The Alaska, and the true white-crowned song is composed of two long sparrow is a summer visitant to whistled notes. the first sliding up high mountain meadows. Each of to the second with grace notes, the the three varieties has a distinctive second followed by a lower note song. In the mountain form the repeated rapidly three times. The white stripe above the eye does not two long whistled notes are rich reach the bill and the area between and plaintive in tone, suggesting the eye and the bill, known as the the whistle of the pine woods spar- lores, is black, row, and as they ring through the Although fairly common in Tu- cool pure air day after day seem olumne Meadows and other alpine to give expression to the deep per- meadows, it is seldom that this vading peace and serenity of the bird is to be found at elevations mountains."—H. C. Bryant. Clark's Bridge Water Ouzels Leave Nest For several years a pair of water as it starts to go to sleep, is. very ouzels have built their nests on a well developed in the water ouzel and apparently is utilized for clear- ' beam beneath Clark's Bridge about ing the eye-ball of mist and water a quarter of a mile from Camp Cur- which the bird must combat because ry. The last year 's nest was re- of the location chosen for its home. modeled, and on May 24 several The water ouzel, even though with- baby ouzels left the nest. The young out webbed feet, dives and swims birds have spent most of their time easily, and usually the nest is near the bridge, and the nature placed alongside of a waterfall, guides have been able to lead people where spray keeps it continually to a place where water ouzels could moist. The controversy as to wheth- be seen. The parents gave splendid er the white flash noted in the eye exhibitions of the feeding of the of the water ouzel is due to the young. white eye-lid or to the nictitating On several occasions baby birds membrane was recently settled were closely approached so that the when a naturalist secured close-up white membrane, which can be motion pictures which, when studied drawn across the eye-ball, could be closely. showed that the white flash plainly seen. This nictitating mem- was due to the well developed nicti- brane, which is visible on a chicken nictitating membrane.—H. C. Bryant.

CLARK NUTCRACKER'S NEST, are gay with clusters of yellow cat- NEAR SENTINEL DOME kins. Exhausted, perhaps, by three On June 4, 1927, while returning "dry seasons," the manzanitas from a field trip to Sentinel Dome, scarcely bloomed this season, and I chanced to hear a call with which the few shrubs that did put out I was not familiar. I soon discov- flowers had a discouraged look. ered that the call came from near The Chokecherry (Prunus demissa) the top of a lone Red fir (Abies bloomed radiantly and, as usual, the magnifica) about 100 feet tall. I bloom was quick to go—by the end of May the white flower clusters moved about until I finally saw a had turned brown. As the cherries nest near the top of the tree and faded the first Azaleas (Rhododenmade out - a bird perched on its dron occidentalis) commenced to edge. Finally the bird turned its flower. Meanwhile the Ceanothus head and I knew it to be a Clark (C. latigerimus and a form of C. Nutcracker. cordulanthus) was a bower of airy The trunk of the Red fir was un- white or blue flowers. Lifted high above the grasses scalable, but by climbing across into the limbs of the fir I was able on satiny stems, shooting stars (Dodecatheon jeffreyi) formed splendid to reach a point within a few feet gardens of rosy lavender in the of the nest. I was stopped in my greensward of Sentinel meadow, ascent by a space too great for me larkspurs (Delphinium decorum var. to reach between limbs. patens) mingled with the grass There were two young just leaving the nest, one being perched on its Golden stars (Brodiaea Ixioides) edge, the other peering over the nodded gayly and the white heads side from within. The nest seemed over the tallest meadow plants. Hidden under the grass to be composed of small twigs and blades, strawberries ripened on the rubbish. Some of the material warm days, and in the pool golden looked like the entire plants, with water lilies (Nymphaea polysep- a-the roots attached, of some species lum) expanded above the flat green of grass. It was placed about seven leaves. feet out from the trunk, on a drooping, heavily foliaged branch and On the warm slopes near Indian canyon many flowers bloomed Popcorn flowers (Cryptantha flaccida), pussy paws (Spraguea umbellata), Lupines (Stiversia and Micranthus), Indian paint brush (Castilleja pinatorum), Rosa californica, well concealed from above by overhanging branchlets. The nest appeared to be about twenty inches in diameter. The cup of the nest could not be seen from below, so Carduus californicus and many no estimate could be made of its other flowers. dimension. The adult birds flew overhead, calling, and perched in After three years of scanty rainfall, when the flowers had been the tops of other nearby trees,— forced into early bloom, this season D. D. McLean. of normal rainfall seemed one of late bloom; in reality, however, past records show it to be a normal year

BOTANIC REPORT

in so far as this Yosemite flora is

FOR YOSEMITE

concerned, Nowhere are flowers Cottonwoods, Black oaks and ma- abundant this season nor is there pies have settled down to the se- promise of abundant bloom on the rious business of spring house- floor of the valley. The swarms of keeping, and the leaves are assuming the deep greens of maturity. tourists that now pour into the valley as well as the browsing deer, Pretty clusters of young leaves and who have a special appetite for catkins have appeared at the twig flower buds. are menacing the last ends of the Chrysolepis oaks. Can- frail stand of Yosemite flowers dle-like, the ridged clusters of young When tourists go to Mr. Holman needles protrude from the lustrous at the Le Conte Memorial Lodge, and green foliage of the Western yellow say to him, "Where are the wild pines, and rosy and bright as a flowers? " he answers, "There are flower, the immature staminate catkins cluster at the ends of the branches. Even the Lodgepole pines no flowers, there used to be flowers in Yosemite, but now they are all gone."—Enid Michael.

FROM THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OUT-DOOR RECREATION

Called by PRESIDENT COOLIDGE

"THAT THE CONFERENCE ENDORSE NATURE STUDY IN SCHOOLS AND THE EXTENSION OF THE NATURE STUDY IDEA TO EVERY AMERICAN SCHOOL AND FAMILY; THAT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSEUMS OF NATURAL HISTORY IN NATIONAL PARKS WILL INCREASE THE EDUCATIONAL RECREATIONAL VALUE OF THE

PARKS".—Resolution of the Conference.